The integration of morphological design and topology optimization to enhance the visual quality of electricity pylons

High-voltage power lines, wind turbines, telecommunication antennas, viaducts, and road/railways bridges are artificial above-ground artifacts that, on the one hand, enhance human activity but, on the other hand, appear as huge structures that impact the natural landscape. This generates a controversial situation in public opinion, which sees opposing factions between facilities, beneficiaries, and detractors for their impact (e.g., citizens living in the installation areas). Besides possible health considerations, which lie outside our research, the main reason for citizen opposition is the impact of these structures that, disturbing the aesthetics and visual perception of natural and rural landscapes, may have negative effects on society, tourism, ecology, and so on.